![]() WWOX, which encodes a 414-amino acid protein, possesses 2 N-terminal WW domains and a high homology domain of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase ( WWOX) gene, a tumor suppressor gene, is located on chromosome 16q23 and encompasses the common fragile site FRA16D. Characterizing multiple genetic alterations in OSCC is a critical problem in understanding tumor development and its association with environmental factors including tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, betel-quid chewing, chronic inflammation, and viral infection. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all oral cancers. Furthermore, oral cancer was ranked the fifth most common malignancy in Taiwan, annually accounting for more than 2600 deaths in both sexes. The incidence of oral cancer is high in Asia, particularly in Taiwan, and it is the fourth common cancer in males. Oral cancer, a common malignant disease affecting the head and neck region, has a poor prognosis. In conclusion, genetic variants of WWOX contribute to the occurrence of oral cancer, and the findings regarding these biomarkers provided a prediction model for risk assessment. An additional integrated in silico analysis confirmed that rs11545028 affects WWOX expression, which significantly correlates with tumor expression and subsequently with tumor development and aggressiveness. Furthermore, patients with advanced-stage oral cancer were associated with a higher frequency of WWOX rs11545028 polymorphisms with the variant genotype TT than did patients with the wild-type gene. We observed that individuals carrying the polymorphic allele of WWOX rs11545028 are more susceptible to oral cancer. Five polymorphisms of WWOX gene from 761 male patients with oral cancer and 1199 male cancer-free individuals were genotyped. We hypothesized that genetic variants of WWOX influence the susceptibility to oral cancer. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase ( WWOX), a tumor suppressor gene, is associated with the development of various cancers. ![]() In Taiwan, oral cancer is the fourth leading cancer in males and is associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens. Received: AugAccepted: SeptemPublished: SeptemAbstract Keywords: single nucleotide polymorphism, WWOX, oral cancer * These authors contributed equally to the work. Regarding the protein level itself, it probably depends more on half-life for proteins than the translation initiation efficiency and any toxic side effects of overexpression.Hsin-Lin Cheng 1,*, Yu-Fan Liu 2,*, Chun-Wen Su 1, Shih-Chi Su 3, Mu-Kuan Chen 1,4, Shun-Fa Yang 1,5 and Chiao-Wen Lin 6,7ġ Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, TaiwanĢ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwanģ Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, TaiwanĤ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwanĥ Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, TaiwanĦ Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwanħ Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan If you use a TAG, it can be an advantage to eliminate the original ATG to prevent the chance of secondary initiation. For the G after this you can't do much if there is an A,T, or C or you change the amino acid. Having all said, it can't hurt to add A/GCC before the ATG. I don't know if anyone actually did a systematic study around it in recent years using the same expression system and the same gene. Either way, the paper was cited propagating the consensus sequence. So it usually went "the ATG is preceded by a Kozak consensus sequence" or "a Kozak consensus sequence hasn't been identified". However, when we cloned new cDNAs in the eighties and you wanted to publish it, you always wanted to write something about it. It was originally based an very few sequences. My personal believe is that the "Kozak" sequence is a bit of a myth.
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